PLO - Palestine Liberation Organization :: essays research papers fc

History Palestinian Liberation Organization 1. Can the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) reasonably guarantee to be 'the sole, genuine agent of the Palestinian individuals.'? The PLO was set up in 1964 by an Arab League choice accordingly to developing indications of Palestinian agitation. The Palestinians wanted to recover the grounds involved by Israel, which they felt had a place with them, as said in the Bible. In 1964 the Arab states made the Palestine Liberation Association (PLO). While it should speak to the Palestinians, as a general rule it spoke to the perspectives on President Nasser of Egypt, who guided the development of the PLO. Its first chief made wild and flighty dangers to drive Israelis into the ocean, and had nearly nothing support among Palestinians for he was viewed as a manikin of the Egyptians. In the 1960s Palestinian understudies started to frame their own associations autonomous of control by Arab governments (in spite of the fact that the Syrians, Libyans, also, Iraqis kept on financing and control specific gatherings). Yasser Arafat established an autonomous Palestinian-run party called Fatah. He is said to have the sponsorship, for the majority of the ongoing past, of about 80% of the Palestinian individuals. The situation of the Arab governments was that a PLO under Arab League management would be the most ideal method of fulfilling the requests made by a developing Palestinian national cognizance. Additionally, it was felt that through such an association Arab governments could control Palestinian political exercises. Ten years after its establishing, the PLO was raised to the status of government. What's more, in 1988, the PLO's status was to be raised once more, this time to a state in a state of banishment. After a few arrangements, Arafat turned into a Fear based oppressor pioneer and manager of self-rule in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. In the 1967 Six Day War, the Arab armed forces did severely against Israel, losing 67,000 square kilometers of land. Palestinians came to accept that in the event that they were ever to have their property, they would need to do it themselves. After the 1967 war, the circumstance changed definitely. The opposition exercises of different guerrilla associations, specifically the Al-Fatah and the PFLP, picked up the expanding backing of the Palestinians. With Arafat in charge from 1969 and an opposition arranged initiative, the PLO was progressively compelling and assumed a focal job in activating the Palestinians and in growing its premise of help both at the nearby and universal level. The PLO turned into an umbrella association for the different guerrilla gatherings. This expansion in help was made conceivable in light of the Al-Fatah's capacity to access to the developing quantities of volunteers from displaced person camps which were newly swollen because of the 1967 war.

Essay Sample on Changing The Notions of Change

Article Sample on Changing The Notions of Change Change is a progressing procedure that includes the rotation of one state to another. Be that as it may, the manner in which people react to that change is to a great extent dictated by their point of view, of how they see and comprehend things just as their underlining mental, social and ideological developments. The procedure of progress might be unconstrained and it includes pre-change, impetus and results. In reading â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† by Melina Marchetta, this idea of progress is molded as far as the focal character Josie’s experience and exercises. Not just that, this all inclusive topic is additionally recognizable in writings as differing as â€Å"The Door† by Miroslav Holub, â€Å"American History X† by David McKenna, â€Å"My father started as a god† by Ian Mundie and â€Å"Student discovers illumination in a grasp with her heritage†, an article out of the SMH composed by Cynthia Banham. All in all, different authors use a scope of printed frames just as elaborate procedures to pass on the ideas of progress. At first, the hero Josie of â€Å"LFA† takes a melancholic position towards her situation in the general public. Her brain research is influenced by her frailty and disarray towards her social character. â€Å"As far as the Italians were concerned, we weren’t totally one of them†¦We weren’t totally Australians.† The utilization of â€Å"we† carries the peruser closer to Josie by talking as though the responder has a place with her own social setting, subsequently accomplishing sympathy. Josie’s discernments and belief system is molded by her social foundation â€Å"At St Martha’sbrains didn’t consider a lot, cash esteem and what your dad accomplished professionally counted†¦it causes me to feel that I will never be a piece of their society.† First individual portrayal is utilized in consistence with the admission style direct discourse which viably makes compassion as Josie never lies about her internal sentimen ts. Being ill-conceived and having a place with a lower-white collar class, Josie’s belief system is firmly influenced by the microcosm of a rich school society. Her desirous tone passes on her self-discriminative emotions â€Å"Being stuck at a school ruled by rich individuals, rich parents†¦Anglo Saxon Australians who I cannot see as having an issue in the world.† As can be seen, Josie’s starting confounded viewpoint is adequately molded by her mental, social and ideological developments. Advancing from the pre-change stage, Josie faces numerous impetuses started without anyone else and outside impacts. Her first experience includes the passage of Michael Andretti, her tragically deceased dad into her life. Be that as it may, being disregarded for a long time, she holds a commonly angry and confounded disposition towards his quality. Her rash and furious tone shows this:† How might you venture to feel that I need to be in your life!† This be that as it may, differentiations to a later occasion where she uses the outside impetus and starts it as her own after she looks for Michael’s help with the Carly Bishop struggle. At the point when Michael safeguards her, she concedes that â€Å"For a couple of moments I knew how it felt to stroll close by one’s dad, it was an extraordinary feeling.† her tone changes as she is not, at this point confounded subsequently demonstrating change, when self perpetrated may prompt positive outcomes. Another occasion which adjusts Josie’s point of view is the yearly walkathon where she ignored her obligations as the bad habit commander of school to lead the youngsters. Her confession booth tone passes on that she is developing from the exercise â€Å"Deep down I realized I was wrong†¦I think my liberation started at that moment.† Later on the day, she likewise finds reality with regards to her captaincy that she was in actuality casted a ballot the school commander. Her underlying negative view about her social standings in the school takes a positive turn â€Å"and I was casted a ballot the school skipper. Socially we weren’t as crappy as we suspected we were.† Probably the most grounded impetus which impact Josie is those of John Barton’s passing. It adequately goes about as the end result of the novel, where the peak settle all the contentions. During the occasion Josie’s desirous point of view on the rich and fruitful is tested â€Å"How might he venture to murder himself when he’s never had any worries?† Her nervousness is settled by her dad that â€Å"A individual doesn’t fundamentally must be cheerful on the grounds that they have social standings and material riches, Josie.† John’s passing is lamentable however it permits Josie to develop from her nað ¿ve ideological viewpoint on the rich microcosm of the general public. It very well may be consequently contended that change, regardless of whether started without anyone else or outer powers will permit individuals to emphatically advance. Each change has its results. Josie’s confounded point of view on her legacy is viably settled by â€Å"I’m an Australian with Italian blood streaming quickly through my veins.† Her difference in tone likewise shows the difference in context when she at first taunts religion by perusing a â€Å"hot pants† magazine in religion class. â€Å"It’s loaded with rubbish†¦do you feel that they have a segment named â€Å"are you a decent Christian†?† the nað ¿ve and haughty tone changes to a substantially more genuine and develop one â€Å"I’ll put stock in god and I won’t let any congregation decides remove that from me.† To permit changes to be effectively recognizable, Marchetta utilizes ordered portrayals where Josie’s life is told through the time of one year. â€Å"You know, a magnificent thing transpired when I thought about back my year, â€Å"one day† came on the grounds that I at long last unde rstood.† Marchetta’s utilization of Intertexuality successfully features Josie’s liberation â€Å"I’m not seventeen any longer, the seventeen where Janis Ian sang about where one learns reality, however what she neglected to make reference to is that you continuing learning facts after seventeen and I need to continue learning certainties until the day I die.† This hence passes on the thought that change is a progressing procedure, not simply from guide A toward B. Miroslav Holub’s verse â€Å"The Door† portrays the change as a procedure. The sonnet starts with the basic â€Å"Go and open the door† which effectively urge the responders to investigate change. â€Å"The door† represents the obstructions which encase and limit people’s point of view to those of present. It additionally represents a section into another universe of potential outcomes to increase another viewpoint. The utilization of â€Å"Maybe† in italics and its reiteration passes on that change has no surenesses, however its outcomes are subject to the person’s point of view and translations â€Å"Maybe outside there’s a tree, a wood†. Be that as it may, the utilization of an idealistic tone convinces the peruser that â€Å"If there’s a haze, it will clear.† The utilization of metaphorical language portrays the most noticeably awful prospects of progress â€Å"even if there’s just the dimness ti ckling, even there is just the crying wind† then forms to a peak with a reductive sentence structure â€Å"even if Nothing Is there† This method adequately powers the responder to peruse more slow, until the last refrain, the coda which contains the subject of the sonnet â€Å"at least there’ll be a draught†. It shows that whatever the conceivable outcomes, regardless of whether fortunate or unfortunate, individuals will at last profit by change. The comparative thoughts are passed on in â€Å"LFA† where the procedure of Josie’s change starts with snags, however she can effectively grasp change subsequently guiding it to the best outcomes, seen through her liberations. Comparative ideas of progress are spoken to in the film â€Å"American History X†. The Protagonist Danny is sibling to the pioneer of an extremist group (D.O.C.), Derek who is detained for the slaughtering of a dark American. At first, Danny lives in an irksome piece of the America where racial pressure is wide spread. Normally, his mental, social and ideological development is based around white mastery over the ethnic gatherings. His preference sees be that as it may, fundamentally changes as Derek is discharged from jail years after the fact. His encounter with Danny portrays his involvement with the jail along these lines featuring that not one race is progressively predominant. There are numerous methods in the film that shapes significance for change. The story, much like â€Å"LFA† is described in sequential request as an article. It successfully shows the procedures of progress as composed and organized. It additionally permits the responders to observe the points of view of before â€Å"Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, those risks are contaminating our delightful country† and an after â€Å"we must be open minded of each other’s contrasts, what isolates us isn't the way of life, however great and evil.† Symbolism of insignia is exceptionally viable in demonstrating Derek’s beginning extremist viewpoint towards the ethnics. Be that as it may, later as he attempts urgently to wash it off, it stays as it was inked indicating Derek’s feelings of disdain for being an extremist. Changing point of view is apparent in Danny’s demonstration of ripping the Nazi banners off his room, which represents his development away from the Nazi belief system. Intertexuality is utilized to feature Danny’s change of point of view. Close to the finish of his film he cites from Abraham Lincoln to pass on his new points of view â€Å"We are not foes, yet companions, we should not be adversaries, however interests may have stressed, it must not break our obligations of warmth. The spiritualist ropes of memory will grow when again contacted as definitely they will be by the holy messengers of our nature.† Technique of end result is employe

The Namesake

The Namesake Last Friday, I went to the AMC Cambridge to see the big-seen adaptation of The Namesake. The film was based on the fantastic novel by Jhumpa Lahiri. Lahiri was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 2000 for her collection of short stories Interpreter of Maladies. Jhumpa Lahiri is no stranger to MIT. She spoke here as part of the MIT Writers Series and visited campus again as part of a symposium on Asian Diasporas and New Transnational Cultures. Video of the latter is available in the Language Learning and Resource Center (LLARC) Things the movie got right: Ashoke Ashimas first years of marriage in America; the Gangulis trip to India Thing the movie didnt get right: Gogol Moushumis train station scene Thing the movie didnt get at all: Nikhils Yale years these were so good, why did you omit them?! Argh Another cool connection: Ashoke (below, with camera), who gave his son Gogol (below, without White Castle hamburger) his name, came to America to research at MIT. Nice. The event was sponsored by MIT South Asian American Students (SAAS), who purchased tickets for us in advance and offered them at half the cost. Many thanks!

Small Boat Cooling System Operation and Maintenance

There are two common engine cooling schemes in small vessels. Raw water cooling circulates seawater through the engine block directly, while closed loop cooling utilizes a heat exchanger to isolate the engine coolant from seawater which carries the excess heat out of a vessel. Both systems have similar components and operation. The more complex of the two systems is actually two simple cooling loops in series. The concepts are easy to understand and so are the fixes to common problems. Raw Water or Open Cooling We will follow the path of the water from the sea into the intake which is fitted with a valve called a seacock to close the opening if a coolant line fails. These connections are large and will put several hundred gallons per minute into your hull if they fail. The cooling water passes through a strainer which should be checked each day. Emptying this little basket of garbage is very important since it will impede the flow to the engine which could cause damage. Expensive damage. Next the seawater travels through a hard piped line or sometimes flexible hose to the cold side of the engine cooling system. Any soft lines should be secured with double band clamps on each connection, they should be checked very often for failure or wear. On its journey through the engine the cool sea water absorbs heat by passing through small channels cast into the engine components. These channels give plenty of surface area where heat can be absorbed but they do have drawbacks like clogging and freezing in cold weather. As the seawater exits it passes though a thermostat which can be a automotive spring type device or a sensor connected to a automatic gate valve. If the water is below the ideal temperature threshold for the engine cooling water by passes the engine until heat removal is required. A cold running engine is bad for the machinery and the efficiency of an engine. The cooling water and exhaust gasses are combined in a wet exhaust system where they exit the vessel. If exhaust is aerial then cooling water passes through another seacock to exit the hull. Closed Loop Cooling This type of cooling is very similar to raw water cooling except in place of an engine theres a heat exchanger. Basically a tube within a tube that transfers heat without allowing liquids to mix. The coolant circulates on the engine side while raw seawater circulates on the heat exchanger side. Other than this important point all operations are similar. Pros and Cons of Open and Closed Systems Open Pros: simple and well known, no chemicals, if hard piped the only maintenance is cleaning the strainer. Cons: Prone to clogging with debris, pure water allowed to freeze in engine passages will crack the engine block, in some environments the inside of the system can become home to mussels and barnacles. Closed Pros: Much less time to bring a engine to a stable operating temperature, less temperature fluctuation increases fuel and power efficiency, winterizing tasks and cold damage are minimized, if a clog appears it will be in the heat exchanger side which can be easily serviced; a clog in an engine passage requires disassembly excess heat can be used for space heating. Cons: Marine coolant is expensive and many systems have a high capacity, potential to leak coolant into the surrounding water, additional anodes must be placed and monitored for signs of corrosion. Whats the Best Marine Cooling System? The answer depends on you location and operations. Fouling and clogs are the biggest issue for most operators and local knowledge works best for these situations. If you must choose one type of system over another and everything else seems equal, then take a look at the anti-fouling paint used in your area. If it is meant to aggressively prohibit growth of marine life, then you should consider a closed system to reduce the risk of damage. How to Flush Your Work Boat Cooling System While there are a couple thousand large ships in the global merchant fleet, there are perhaps a couple hundred thousand smaller work boats. Operators of these boats are often also owners and to keep costs down some go without professional maintenance services. If you choose this approach it will save money, although it does increase the risk of damage due to human error. Working carefully and understanding some of the underlying concepts of you equipment will assure the job is done correctly while still saving money. Many of us have entered this profession through the world of small boats. Those long days spent at the marina washing recreational boats for extra spending money turned into more complex jobs. Soon, those little electrical and plumbing jobs earned a few dollars, and hopefully a good reputation. Then one day, while crammed under the helm station of a ship, the thought crosses your mind; how did I get here? Formal education  is available for these jobs and many excellent schools will give you a comprehensive understanding of the systems of any size vessel.

Chuang Tzu s Basic Writings Essay - 1558 Words

Chuang Tzu’s Basic Writings, with his idea of â€Å"the way† which is effortless and ineffable, seem to suggest a minimalist take on government. The Daoist philosophy present in the text has no room for organized hierarchy or unified morality in the understanding of the world. This leaves no room for government whose laws and bureaucracy are based on codified morality and hierarchy. The government must also allow its citizens to practice the wu-wei, which means the government would have to allow individual freedom. Thus the only suitable form of government following â€Å"the way† would be a limited structure emphasizing individual morality—essentially a libertarian form of government. There is a lack of hierarchy in Chuang Tzu’s Daoism due to the belief in the indistinguishable position of the individual to the rest of humanity and humanity to all the world. This is evident in â€Å"The Dream and The Butterfly† in which Chuang Tzu shows that the perspective of a human is no truer than the perspective of a butterfly. In the fable, Chuang Tzu’s questioning of which organism is the reality and which is the dream blurs the distinction between humanity and nature. This is consistent with Chuang Tzu’s belief that humanity is one with nature, meaning that human government should reflect the form of hierarchy present in the natural world. Such a belief in the most natural sense of hierarchy would at first suggest that â€Å"the way† is a path of egalitarianism; however, this belief that, in nature,Show MoreRelatedReligion Essay1759 Words   |  8 Pagesearly Taoist book, including the Chuang Tzu and the Lao Tzu, is in fact an anthology of work by many writers. That the Chuang Tzu is a compilation has long been generally agreed, but to deny that the Lao Tzu is homogeneous is still widely decried as heresy. Nevertheless a growing body of scholarship supports, with careful and impressive documentation, the statement of Fung Yu-lan that both the Chuang Tzu and the Lao Tzu are really collections of Taoist writings and sayings, made by differing personsRead MoreEssay on Taoism1326 Words   |  6 PagesTaoism Taoism originated in China during the 300s BC. It has been part of the Chinese culture for 2,000 years. It was during the same time period as Confucianism, but had opposite ideas and morals, yet it was equally as important as Confucianism in Chinese history. Taoism began as a reaction to historical situations(c1), and became a philosophy of the natural way. The word Tao actually means road or way. Taoism has had a large impact on art and literature, and had been greatlyRead MoreEssay on Taoism: The Balance of Nature and Humans1876 Words   |  8 Pages Taoism has many profound theories which can be difficult to understand. Taoism is a balanced relationship between humans and nature. The most basic concept is the Tao. This originally refers to the road extending in one direction. The Tao is unseen and unheeded, yet it is the Tao that is truly and constantly useful, like the space in a vessel or a window. (Choice)Tao refers to the rules governing behaviors in human beings and objects. In order to make this theory become more clearRead MorePhilosophy Socrates vs. Taoism2554 Words   |  11 Pagesof the good. In this rgard, each philosophy is noticed to have beliefs that strive for followers to improve their lives and to be on a path of self-purification. This essay will primarily focus on understanding the basics of the conception of good in Taoist philosophy a s well as the basic conception of good according to Socrates. While analyzing we will also determine if the Taoist conception of good is more reasonable than that of Socrates. In Taoism, the Tao is worshiped as the first-cause of theRead MoreCritical Response to the Tao Te Ching2847 Words   |  12 Pagesarchetype, as other versions have, ironically, done† (pp.ix, Mitchell). After my initial reading I was left with a series of questions floating around my mind. I made a point of writing them down as they came to me and I will share them with you now. If the Tao cannot be spoken of, then what was the reasoning in ever writing it? And even after attempting to write it, how does one express the inexpressible? And after expressing said wisdom is action even possible (given the underlying current of passivityRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pagesof being must take precedence over that knowledge in philosophical investigations. Being cannot be made a subject of objective enquiry; it is revealed to individual by reflection on his own unique concrete existence in time and space. Existence is basic: it is the fact of the individual’s presence and participation in a changing and potentially dangerous world. Each self- aware individual understands his own existence in terms of his experience of himself and his situation. Th e self of which he isRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Design of a New Security Protocol Using Hybrid Cryptography Free Essays

Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 DESIGN OF A NEW SECURITY PROTOCOL USING HYBRID CRYPTOGRAPHY ALGORITHMS S. Subasree and N. K. We will write a custom essay sample on Design of a New Security Protocol Using Hybrid Cryptography or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sakthivel School of Computing, Sastra University, Thanjavur – 613401, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. ABSTRACT A Computer Network is an interconnected group of autono mous computing nodes, which use a well defined, mutually agreed set of rules and conventions known as protocols, interact with one -another meaningfully and allow resource sharing preferably in a predictable and controllable manner. Communication has a majo r impact on today? s business. It is desired to communicate data with high security. Security Attacks compromises the security and hence various Symmetric and Asymmetric cryptographic algorithms have been proposed to achieve the security services such as Authentication, Confidentiality, Integrity, Non-Repudiation and Availability. At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms provide high security to information on controlled networks. These algorithms are required to provide data security and users authenticity. To improve the strength of these security algorithms, a new security protocol for on line transaction can be designed using combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. This protocol provides three cryptographic pr imitives such as integrity, confidentiality and authentication. These three primitives can be achieved with the help of Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Dual -RSA algorithm and Message Digest MD5. That is it uses Elliptic Curve Cryptography for encryption, Dual -RSA algorithm for authentication and MD-5 for integrity. This new security protocol has been designed for better security with integrity using a combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. Keywords: Network Security, Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Dual-RSA, Message Digest-5. 1. INTRODUCTION Curiosity is one of the most common human traits, matched by the wish to conceal private information. Spies and the military all resort to information hiding to pass messages securely, sometimes deliberately including misleading information [12]. Steganography, a mechanism for hiding information in apparently innocent pictures, may be used on its own or with other methods. Encryption fundamentally consists of scrambling a message so that its contents are not readily accessible while decryption is the reversing of that process[14]. These processes depend on particular algorithms, known as ciphers. Suitably scrambled text is known as cipher text while the original is, not surprising ly, plain text. Readability is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for something to be plain text. The original might well not make any obvious sense when read, as would be the case, for example, if something already encrypted were being further encrypted. It’s also quite possible to construct a mechanism whose output is readable text but which actually bears no relationship to the unencrypted original. A key is used in conjunction with a cipher to encrypt or decrypt text. The key might appear meaningful, as would be the case with a character string used as a password, but this transformation is irrelevant, the functionality of a key lies in its being a string of bits determining the mapping of the plain text to the cipher text. 1. 1 Why we need cryptography? Protecting access to information for reasons of security is still a major reason for using cryptography. However, it’s also increasingly used for identification of individuals, for authentication and for non -repudiation. This is particularly important with the growth of the Internet, global trading and other activities[12]. The identity of e -mail and Web users is trivially easy to conceal or to forge, and secure authentication can give those interacting remotely confidence that they’re dealing with the right person and that a message hasn’t been forged or changed. In commercial situations, non-repudiation [12] is an important concept ensuring that if, say, a contract has been agreed upon one party can’t then renege by claiming that they didn’t actually agree or did so at some different time when, perhaps, a price was higher or lower. Digital signatures and digital timestamps are used in such situations, often in conjunction with other mechanisms such as message digests and digital certificates. 95 Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 The range of uses for cryptography and related techniques is considerable and growing steadily. Passwords are common but the protection they offer is often illusory, perhaps because security policies within many organizations aren’t well thought out and their use causes more problems and inconvenience than seems worth it[14,15]. In many cases where passwords are used, for example in protecting word processed documents, the ciphers used are extremely lightweight and can be attacked without difficulty using one of a range of freely available cracking programs. 2. TYPES OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS 2. 1. Elliptic Curve Encryption When using elliptic curves in cryptography[11], we use various properties of the points on the curve , and functions on them as well. Thus, one common task to complete when using elliptic curves as an encryption tool is to find a way to turn information m into a point P on a curve E. We assume the information m is already written as a number. There are many ways to do this, as simple as setting the letters a = 0, b = 1, c = 2, . . . or there are other methods, such as ASCII, which accomplish the same task. Now, if we have E : y2 = x3 + Ax + B (mod p), a curve in Weierstrass form, we want to let m = x. But, this will only work if m3 + Am + B is a square modulo p. Since only half of the numbers modulo p are squares, we only have about a 50% chance of this occurring. Thus, we will try to embed the information m into a value that is a square. Pick some K such that 1/2K is an acceptable failure rate for embedding the information into a point on the curve. Also, make sure that (m + 1)K ; p. Let xj = mK + j for j = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,K ? 1 Compute x 3j + Axj + B. Calculate its square root yj (mod p), if possible. If there is a square root, we let our point on E representing m be P m = (xj , yj) If there is no square root, try the next value of j[4,5]. So, for each value of j we have a probability of about 1/2 that xj is a square modulo p. Thus, the probability that no xj is a square is about 1/2K, which was the acceptable failure rate[6]. In most common applications, there are many real-life problems that may occur to damage an attempt at sending a message, like computer or electricity failure. Since people accept a certain 16 amount of failure due to uncontrollable phenomenon, it makes sense that they could agree on an acceptable rate of failure for a controllable feature of the process. Though we will not use this specific process in our algorithms[10]. 2. 2. Dual RSA In practice, the RSA decryption computations are performed in p and q and then combined via the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) to obtain the desired solution in ? N, instead of directly computing the exponentiation in ? N. This decreases the computational costs of decryption In two ways. First, computations in ? p and ? q are more efficient than the same computations in ? N since the elements are much smaller. Second, from Lagrange? s Theorem, we can replace the private exponent d with dp = d mod (p – 1) for the computation in ? p and with dq = d mod (q – 1) for the computation in ? p, which reduce the cost for each exponentiation when d is larger than the primes. It is common to refer to dp and dq as the CRT -exponents. The first method to use the CRT for decryption was proposed by Quisquater and Couvreur [7,8]. Since the method requires knowledge of p and q, the key generation algorithm needs to be modified to output the private key (d, p, q) instead of (d,N). Given the pri vate key (d, p,q) and a valid ciphertext C ? ? N, the CRTdecryption algorithm is as follows: 1) Compute Cp = Cdp mod p. 2) Compute Cq = Cdq mod q. 3) Compute M0 = (Cq – Cp) . p-1 mod q. 4) Compute the plaintext M = Cp + M0 . p. This version of CRT-decryption is simply Garner? s Algorithm for the Chinese Remainder Theorem applied to RSA. If the key generation algorithm is further modified to output the private key (dp, dq, p, q, p -1 mod q), the computational cost of CRT-decryption is dominated by the modular exponentiations in steps 1) and 2) of the algorithm. When the primes p and q are roughly the same size (i. e. , half the size of the modulus), the computational cost for decryption using CRT -decryption (without parallelism) is theoretically 1/4 the cost for decryption using the original method[7]. Using RSA-Small-e along with CRT-decryption allows for extremely fast encryption and decryption that is at most four times faster than standard RSA. 96 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol 2. 3 MD5 Algorithm MD5[2] consists of 64 of these operations, grouped in four rounds of 16 operations. F is a nonlinear function; one function is used in each round. Mi denotes a 32 -bit block of the message input, and Ki denotes a 32 -bit constant, different for each operation. s is a shift value, which also varies for each operation[1]. MD5 processes a variable length message into a fixed -length output of 128 bits. The input message is broken up into chunks of 512-bit blocks; the message is padded so that its length is divisible by 512. The padding works as follows: first a single bit, 1, is appended to the end of the message. This is followed by as many zeros as are required to bring the length of the message up to 64 bits less than a multiple of 512. The re maining bits are filled up with a 64-bit integer representing the length of the original message[9]. The main MD5 algorithm operates on a 128 -bit state, divided into four 32-bit words, denoted A, B, C and D. These are initialized to certain fixed constants. The main algorithm then operates on each 512 -bit message block in turn, each block modifying the state. The processing of a message block consists of four similar stages, termed rounds; each round is composed of 16 similar operations based on a non -linear function F, modular addition, and left rotation. Many message digest functions have been proposed and are in use today. Here are just a few like HMAC, MD2, MD4, MD5, SHA, SHA-1. Here, we concentrate on MD5, one of the widely used digest functions. 3. HYBRID SECURITY PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE It is desired to communicate data with high security. At present, various types of cryptographic algorithms provide high security to information on controlled networks. These algorithms are required to provide data security and users authenticity. This new security protocol has been designed for better security using a combination of both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. Figure 1 : Hybrid Protocol Architecture As shown in the figure, the Symmetric Key Cryptographic Techniques such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography, and MD5 are used to achieve both the Confidentiality and Integrity. The Asymmetric Key Cryptography technique, Dual RSA used for Authentication. The above discussed three primitives can be achieved with the help of this Security Protocol Architecture. The Architecture is as shown in the Figure 1. As shown in the figure, the Symmetric Key Cryptographic Techniques such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography, and MD5 are used to achieve bo th the Confidentiality and Integrity. The Asymmetric Key Cryptography technique, Dual RSA used for Authentication. 97 Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 The new Security Protocol has been designed for better security. It is a combination of both the Symmetric and Asymmetric Cryptographic Techniques. It provides the Cryptographic Primitives such as Integrity, Confidentiality and Authentication. The given plain text can be encrypted with the help of Elliptic Curve Cryptography, ECC and the derived cipher text can be communicated to the destination through any secured channel. Simultaneously, the Hash value is calculated through MD5 for the same plain text, which already has been converted into the cipher text by ECC. This Hash value has been encrypted with Dual RSA and the encrypted message of this Hash value also sent to destination. The intruders may try to hack the original information from the encrypted messages. He may be trapped both the encrypted messages of plain text and the hash value and he will try to decrypt these messages to get original one. He might be get the hash value and it is impossible to extract the plain text from the cipher text, because, the hash value is encrypted with Dual RSA and the plain text is encrypted with ECC. Hence, the message can be communicated to the destination with highly secured manner. The new hash value is calculated with MD5 for the received originals messages and then it is compared with decrypted hash message for its integrity. By which, we can ensure that either the origi nal text being altered or not in the communication medium. This is the primitive feature of this hybrid protocol. 4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 4. 1 Comparison of RSA and Dual RSA 1) The Public Key Algorithms, RSA and Dual-RSA have been implemented in VC++ and we got the following results. As shown in the Figure 2, the original message for communication is stored in MyFile. txt and its size is 547 Bytes, which is shown in the report file. Figure 2 : Input File MyFile. txt Figure 3 shows that the project main menu, which consists of various features. They are i. RSA Encryption, ii. RSA Decryption, iii. Dual RSA Encryption, iv. Dual RSA Decryption, and v. Graph, which is used to compare the computational costs of both the RSA and Dual -RSA Figure 4 shows that RSA Encryption and Figure 5 shows that Dual RSA encryption. From the figure 6 it is clear that the RSA take one block at a time for encryption and decryption at a time. But the dual RSA take more time for encryption of two block at a time, but it take less time for decryption of two blocks. So, the RSA encryption and decryption time is greater than Dual RSA because Dual RSA perform the encryption and decryption operation for two blocks. 8 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol Figure 3 : Process of RSA and Dual RSA Encryption/Decryption Figure 4 : RSA Encryption 99 Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Figure 5 : Dual – RSA Encryption 5. 2 Performance analysis of RSA and Dual RSA Figure 6 : RSA vs Dual RSA 10 0 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol Figure 7 : Computational costs of RSA vs Dual RSA Figure 6 shows that the Perfor mance Analysis of RSA vs Dual RSA. From this figure, it is clear that the total computation time for Encryption and Decryption of Dual -RSA is less than that of ordinary RSA. From the Figure 7, it is observed that the total computation time for Encrypt ion and Decryption of RSA is 4314ms as compared with the total computation time for Encryption and Decryption of Dual – RSA is 3203ms for the file size 547 Bytes. From the analysis it is clear that Dual RSA is better than RSA algorithm. So, for authentic ation we are going to use Dual RSA. Dual RSA take two block for encryption and decryption simultaneously. . 3 Results of Hybrid protocol Architecture Here, we are using three different mode of operation. The sender, Receiver and Intruder. We have t o select the mode and process the information. The following figure represent the three different mode. Figure 8 : Mode selection If the mode is the sender, then we have to provide the key val ue and messages in the specified location. Figure 9 : Sender Mode 101 Subasr ee Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Figure 10 shows that the Receiver received the sender message with the key. From the figure, it is noted that, the intruder also received the key and not the message. Because, the message is encrypted with ECC and key is encrypted by using Dual RSA. And also noted that, the intruder derived different key for decryption, which is equivalent to the original key. Even though the intruder got the key he cannot able to get the orig inal message because of Dual RSA. Because of Dual RSA we got two advantages one is the message cannot be decrypted and time required to perform the encryption and decryption operation less compare to RSA because Dual RSA perform encryption and decryption by two block at a time. The new Public Key Cryptographic algorithm, Dual – RSA has been developed for better performance in terms of computation costs and memory storage requirements. It is also called RSA -CRT, because it is used Chinese Remainder Theorem, CRT for its Decryption. From the output, it is noted that Dual -RSA improved the performance of RSA in terms of computation cost and memory storage requirements. It achieves parallelism. The CRT Decryption is achieved roughly ? times faster than original RSA. Figure 10 : Secured communication of Hybrid Protocol 102 IJRRAS 2 (2) ? February 2010 Subasree Sakthivel ? Design of a New Security Protocol 6. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] B. den Boer and A. Bosselaers, â€Å"An attack on the last two rounds of MD4†, Advances in Cryptology, Crypto ? 05, pages 194-203, Springer-Verlag, 2005. B. den Boer and A. Bosselaers, â€Å"Collisions for the compression function of MD5†, Advances in Cryptology, Eurocrypt „07, pages 293-304, Springer-Verlag, 2007. D. Bleichenbacher and A. May, â€Å"New attacks on RSA with small CRTexponent in Pub lic Key Cryptography†, PKC 2006, volume 3968 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 1 –13. Springer-Verlag, 2006. D. Bleichenbacher and A. May, â€Å"New attacks on RSA with small secret CRT -exponents,† in Public Key Cryptology—PKC 2006, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. New York: Springer, 2006, vol. 3958, pp. 1–13. D. Boneh and G. Durfee, â€Å"Cryptanalysis of RSA with private key d less than N ,† IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1339–1349, Jul. 2000. E. Jochemsz and A. May, â€Å"A polynomial time attack on standard RSA with private CRT -exponents†, 2007. Hung-Min Sun, and et al. , â€Å"Dual RSA and its Security Analysis†, IEEE Tra nsaction on Information Theory,Aug 2007, pp 2922 – 2933,2007 [8] H. -M. Sun, M. J. Hinek, and M. -E. Wu, On the design of Rebalanced-RSA, revised version of [37] Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research, Technical Report CACR 2005 -35, 2005 [Online]. Available: http://www. cacr. math. uwaterloo. ca/techreports/2005/cacr2005 -35. pdf [9] H. Dobbertin, â€Å"The Status of MD5 after a Recent Attack†, CryptoBytes, 2(2): 1-6, 2007. [10] M. J. Hinek, â€Å"Another look at small RSA exponents,† in Topics in Cryptology-CT-RSA 2006, ser. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, D. Pointcheval, Ed. New York: Springer, 2006, vol. 3860, pp. 82 –98. [11] N. Gura, A. Patel, A. Wander, H. Eberle, and S. C. Shantz, â€Å"Comparing Elliptic Curve Cryptography and RSA on 8-bit CPUs†. Proceedings of Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES 2004), 6th International Workshop, pages 119 –132, 2004. [12] Ravindra Kumar Chahar and et. al. , â€Å" Design of a new Security Protocol†, IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, pp 132 – 134, 2007 [13] Ramaraj, E and Karthikeyan, S, â€Å" A Design of Enhanced Security Protocol for Wireless Communication using Hybrid Encryption Technique, Indian Journal of Computing Technology, pp 22 -29, May, 2006. 14] S. D. Galbraith, C. Heneghan, and J. F. McKee, â€Å"Tunable balancing of RSA†, 2005. Updated ACISP 2005. version of [15] S. D. Galbraith, C. Heneghan, and J. F. McKee, â€Å"Tunable balancing of RSA,† in Proc. Inf. Security and Privacy, 10th Australasian Conf. , ACISP 2005, C. Boyd and J. M. G. Nieto, Eds. , 2005, vol. 3574, pp. 280 â₠¬â€œ 292, Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. BIOGRAPHY Dr. S Subasree got Bachelor Degree from Madras university in 1991 and she done her post graduate degree from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 1995 and M. hil from Manonmaniam Sundaranar Univeristy in 2001. She done her M. Tech and Ph. D in SASTRA University in 2006 and 2009 respectively. She got 13 years teaching experience. Now she will be serving as a Senior Assistant Professor in SASTRA Univeristy, Tamil Nadu, India. She has published more than 15 papers in International and National Journals and Conferences. Her research area includes Network Security, High Performance Soft Computing Techniques, Communication Network, and B iometric Cryptography. Dr. N K Sakthivel got Bachelor Degree from Madras university in 1991 and she one her post graduate degree from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 1994 and M. phil from Bharathidasan Univeristy in 2000. She done her M. Tech and Ph. D in SASTRA University in 2004 and 2009 respectively. She got 15 years teaching experience. Now She will be serving as a Professor in SASTRA Univeristy, Tamil Nadu, India. She has published more than 18 papers in International and National Journals and Conferences. Her research area includes High Speed Communication Networks, Network Security, High Performance Computing, and Biometric Cryptography. 103 How to cite Design of a New Security Protocol Using Hybrid Cryptography, Essay examples

Essay On The Stamp Act Example For Students

Essay On The Stamp Act The Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765. The new tax was imposed on All-American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. Ships papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed. The money collected by the Stamp Act was to be used to help pay the costs of defending and protecting the American frontier near the Appalachian Mountains (10,000 troops were to be stationed on the American frontier for this purpose). The actual cost of the Stamp Act was relatively small. What made the law so offensive to the colonists was not so much its immediate cost but the standard it seemed to set. In the past, taxes and duties on colonial trade had always been viewed as measures to regulate commerce, not to raise money. The Stamp Act, however, was viewed as a direct attempt by England to raise money in the colonies without the approval of the colonial legislatures. If this new tax were allowed to pass without resistance, the colonists reasoned, the door would be open for far more troublesome taxation in the future. Few colonists believed that they could do anything more than grumble and buy the stamps until the Virginia House of Burgesses adopted Patrick Henrys Stamp Act resolves. These resolves declared that Americans possessed the same rights as the English, especially the right to be taxed only by their own representatives; that Virginians should pay no taxes except those voted by the Virginia House of Burgesses; and that anyone supporting the right of Parliament to tax Virginians should be considered an enemy of the colony. The House of Burgesses defeated the most extreme of Henrys resolutions, but four of the resolutions were adopted. Virginia Governor Fauquier did not approve of the resolutions, and he dissolved the House of Burgesses in response to their passage. Words/ Pages : 320 / 24